Short notes
* Dengue fever, AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Filariasis, Ringworm, Athlets' foot :
– Mode of spread and symptoms.
* Genetic diseases – Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia.
* Cancer.
* Life style diseases.
* Consequences of smoking.
* Diseases affecting domestic animals.
* Plant diseases.
Contents
* Communicable diseases, Pathogens* Dengue fever, AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Filariasis, Ringworm, Athlets' foot :
– Mode of spread and symptoms.
* Genetic diseases – Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia.
* Cancer.
* Life style diseases.
* Consequences of smoking.
* Diseases affecting domestic animals.
* Plant diseases.
Questions and answers
1. Give examples to the micro organisms that cause diseases. How do they cause diseases?
A few virus, bacteria, fungus and protozoa are examples for pathogens.
*VIRUS - By undertaking the genetic control of the host cell , multiply and thus destroy the cell.
* BACTERIA – They multiply through cell division and the toxins released by metabolism kill or disrupt the living cells.
* FUNGUS – The toxins produced by them cause diseases.
* PROTOZOA – Their toxins destroy the cells. Some of them destroy blood cells.
2. List out some viral diseases. How are these transmitted ?
3. Define AIDS ?
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a condition of a gradual decrease of immunity by the destruction of lymphocytes by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Any pathogen can act in such condition, is a dreadful situation.
4. What are the ways by which HIV spreads ?
• Through body fluids.
• By sharing needle and syringe used by HIV affected persons.
• Through unprotected sexual contact.
• From HIV infected mother to her foetus.
5. What are the precautions that can be taken against the infection of HIV ?
- Conduct HIV test before receiving blood from a donor.
- Do not share needle and syringe already used by others.
- Have safety in sexual relationship.
6. Name the diseases spread by the mosquitoes.
7. Point out certain preventive measures for mosquito diseases.
• Avoid circumstances leading to the multiplication of the mosquitoes.
• Observe 'Dry Day' once in two weeks.
• Keep our surrounding neat and clean.
• Practice the use of measures like mosquito net.
8. List out some bacterial diseases. How are these transmitted ?
9. An air borne bacterial disease that affects mainly the lungs ? Name the pathogen.
Tuberculosis. Pathogen is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
10. Common symptoms of tuberculosis ?
Loss of body weight, fatigue and persistent cough.
11. The vaccine, ----------, is used against tuberculosis.
BCG vaccine.
12. Name a bacterial disease that can be spread from cattle.
Anthrax.
13. What is botulism ?
Botulism is a dangerous food poisoning due to the growth of certain bacteria in stale food.
14. Table showing fungal diseases, symptoms and mode of infection.
15. The organisms that cause malaria ?
The protozoa, 'plasmodium'.
16. The worms that cause filariasis ?
Filarial worms.
17. Comparison of mosquito spreading diseases , Malaria and Filariasis.
18. Define communicable (contagious) diseases.
Communicable diseases are diseases caused by the invasion of pathogens and are transmitted from person to person.
19. Communicable diseases which can be affected to human beings.
20. Give examples for non pathogenic or non communicable diseases.
Lyfestyle diseases – Cancer, Diabetics, Stroke, Fatty liver, Hypertension.
Genetic diseases – Haemophilia, Sickle cell anaemia.
Deficiency diseases – Anaemia, Goitre, Marasmus, Kwashiorker.
Occupational diseases- Silicosis, Asbestosis, Pneumoconiasis.
21. Differentiate between anaemia and sickle cell anaemia.
* Anaemia is a condition characterized by tiredness or weakness of the body and decreased oxygen transport due to the deficiency of iron.
* Due to the defect of genes, deformities occur in the sequencing of amino acids of haemoglobin, and RBCs become sickle shaped. As a result, oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells decreases. Such patients will be anaemic and weaken.
22. What is haemophilia ?
Excessive bleeding even from small wounds as blood does not clot, due to defective synthesis of one of the proteins that enables blood coagulation.
23. Comparison between haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia.
24. World haemophilia day ?
April 17.
25. What does the figure indicate ?
Sickle cell anaemia. RBC
26. What is cancer ? What are the circumstances that lead to cancer ?
Cancer is the condition by which uncontrolled division of cells and their spread to other tissues occur.
Environmental factors, smoking, radiations, viruses, hereditary factors and alterations in genetic material may lead to the transformation of normal cells in to cancer cells.
27. How is smoking injurious to our health ?
Smokers and tobacco users are not only subjected to cancer but also affected diseases to brain, lungs and heart. The defects include stroke, addiction to nicotine, bronchitis, emphysema, hypertension, loss of elasticity of arteries and decreased functioning of heart.
28. Prepare slogans against the habit of smoking.
• Quit smoking, it kill you ...
• Abandon the habit of smoking to prevent cancer.
29. Identify certain means of cancer treatment.
Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy etc.
30. ' Life style diseases are caused by our unhealthy living style'. Substantiate.
The changes in food habits (synthetic food items, fast food etc) lack of physical exercise, mental stress, bad habits like consumption of alcohol, drug abuse or smoking etc. may result life style diseases.
31. The life style habits that can be adopted to prevent from heart diseases ?
• Avoid the use of fatty and salty food.
• Control diabetes and hypertension.
• Take measures to reduce mental stress.
• Abandon the habits of smoking and alcohol consumption.
• Proper exercise.
32. “Both diabetes and hypertension are silent killers”. Why ?
Diabetes and hypertension increase the risk of stroke, heart diseases or damage to kidneys. Hence these diseases are known as the 'silent killers'.
33. Table of diseases affect the domestic animals with category of pathogens and symptoms of diseases.
34. List out diseases that are common in plants. Name the category of pathogen of each.
